c. withdrawal
D. all of the above
Barrier methods of family planning are physical or chemical barriers that function to prevent conception. They have some advantages and disadvantages. For example some advantages of the diaphragm are that it has no effect on a woman's natural hormones, it can be used while breastfeeding beginning 6 weeks after birth. Some disadvantages are that there is increased risk of toxic shock syndrome if diaphragm is left in for more than 24 hours. Also it may have to be used in conjunction with another barrier method to enhance its efficacy.
