Respuesta :
Final answer:
Systematic errors are consistent and repeatable, often due to equipment calibration issues, while random errors occur unpredictably. Worn ruler ends, improperly zeroed instruments, and parallax errors are systematic, whereas human reaction time variability and instrument reading fluctuations are random errors.
Explanation:
In the context of experimental measurements, it's crucial to distinguish between systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors are consistent and repeatable errors that can be corrected if known. They are often due to incorrect calibration or flawed design of the measuring instrument. Random errors, on the other hand, occur sporadically and without a predictable pattern, often due to uncontrollable external factors.
- a. A metre ruler with worn ends: This would cause a systematic error as the ruler provides consistent measurements that are off due to its physical deformation.
- b. A dial instrument with a needle that is not properly zeroed: This is also a systematic error because each measurement will be offset by the same incorrect zero value.
- c. Human reaction time that is always either too late or too early: Generally, this could be considered a random error since the reaction time fluctuations are unpredictable and vary each time.
- d. Fluctuations in the readings of an instrument: These are random errors, as they occur sporadically and without a consistent pattern or direction.
- e. Parallax error (human error) as shown in the diagram below: This is a systematic error since it can consistently skew measurements by the same degree when the observer's viewpoint is not perpendicular to the measurement scale.
It is imperative to identify these types of errors to enhance the accuracy and reliability of experimental results.
