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The Jim Crow laws were a series of laws that enforced racial segregation in the United States. They were passed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and they remained in effect until the mid-20th century.

The short-term effects of the Jim Crow laws were to create a system of racial apartheid in the United States. This system denied African Americans basic rights and freedoms, such as the right to vote, the right to own property, and the right to a fair trial.

The long-term effects of the Jim Crow laws were to create a legacy of racial inequality that continues to this day. African Americans who grew up under Jim Crow laws were denied the opportunity to get a good education, to get a good job, and to live in a safe neighborhood. This has had a profound impact on the lives of African Americans, and it has made it difficult for them to achieve economic and social equality.

The Jim Crow laws were a shameful chapter in American history. They were a system of racial oppression that denied African Americans their basic rights and freedoms. The long-term effects of the Jim Crow laws are still being felt today, and they continue to hold back African Americans from achieving full equality

Restrictions imposed by the black codes made it hard for formerly enslaved people to gain economic independence.
Segregated facilities on all public transportation carriers made it more difficult for black citizens to travel.


In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was illegal.
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The “separate but equal” doctrine resulted in inferior facilities for blacks ranging from schools to housing to employment. Black children had limited opportunities compared with those for white children.


Jim Crow laws made it difficult or impossible for black citizens to vote, be elected to office, serve on juries, or participate as equals in the economic or social life of their area.


To escape segregation and violence in the South, many black citizens migrated to cities in the North and West. In New York this influx sparked the Harlem Renaissance.


The civil rights movement emerged to protest violence and racial segregation and helped bring about the passage of legislation that put an end to the Jim Crow era.
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