Questions 34–41

The concepts of analogy and homology are probably easier to
exemplify than to define. When different species are structurally
compared, certain features can be described as either analogous or
homologous. For example, flight requires certain rigid aeronautical
principles of design, yet birds, bats, and insects have all (line 5)
conquered the air. The wings of all three types of animals derive
from different embryological structures, but they perform the same
functions. In this case, the flight organs of these creatures can
be said to be analogous. In contrast, features that arise from the
same structures in the embryo but are used in different functions are said to be homologous. The pectoral fins of a fish, the wings of a bird, and the forelimbs of a mammal are all homologous structures. They are genetically related in the sense that both the forelimb and the wing evolved from the fin.

34. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A contrast is drawn between two concepts by means of examples.
(B) A general concept is introduced, examples are given, and a conclusion is offered.
(C) Two definitions of the same concept are compared.
(D) Two proposals are suggested and support for both is offered.

35. According to the passage, the concepts of analogy and homology are _
(A) difficult to understand
(B) easier to understand through examples than through definitions
(C) impossible to explain
(D) simple to define but hard to apply

36. The word “rigid” in line 4 is closest in meaning to _
(A) inflexible
(B) ideal
(C) unnatural
(D) steep

37. According to the information provided in the passage, which of the following would most probably be considered analogous?
(A) A shark’s fin and a tiger’s claws
(B) A man’s arms and a bird’s wings
(C) A monkey’s tail and an elephant’s tail
(D) A spider’s legs and a horse’s legs

38. According to the passage, one way in which homologous organs differ from analogous organs is that they _
(A) are genetically related
(B) are only found in highly developed animals
(C) perform the same general functions
(D) come from different embryological structures

39. As used throughout the passage, the term “structures” most nearly means _
(A) buildings
(B) features of an animal’s anatomy
(C) organizational principles
(D) units of grammar

40. The word “sense” in line 13 is closest in meaning to ___
(A) feeling
(B) logic
(C) meaning
(D) perception

41. Where in the passage does the author first focus his discussion on the concept of homology? (A) Lines 2-4
(B) Lines 6-8
(C) Lines 9-1 1
(D) Lines 13-14

According to standard biological vocabulary, analogous organs perform similar functions, but they are not from similar embryological structures. On the other hand, homologous parts come from shared ancestry, but perform different functions. Just as the author of this passage noted, the differences between analogous and homologous organs are best explained through the use of examples.

jayilych4real jayilych4real · Answer 2 · 2021-11-16T11:28:48+01:00

The statement which best describes the organization of the passage is:

(A) A contrast is drawn between two concepts by means of examples.

According to the passage, the concepts of analogy and homology are ___

(B) easier to understand through examples than through definitions

The word “rigid” in line 4 is closest in meaning to ___

(A) inflexible

According to the information provided in the passage, the answer which would most probably be considered analogous is:

(B) A man’s arms and a bird’s wings

According to the passage, one way in which homologous organs differ from analogous organs is that they ___

(A) are genetically related

As used throughout the passage, the term “structures” would most nearly mean ___

(B) features of an animal’s anatomy

The word “sense” in line 13 is closest in meaning to ___

(C) meaning

The place in the passage which the author first focus his discussion on the concept of homology is:

(D) Lines 13-14