Answer:
1. How were societies in Iberia and England reflected in their colonial endeavors in the Americas?
Iberian societies were Catholic and more centralized than England. For this reason, they applied more centralized forms of government in their respective colonies.
England had a long-standing tradition of more liberal forms of government, and the colonial endeavors of the English crowns were less centralized, even to the point that many colonies were led by private companies, and governed directly by the colonists.
2. Contrasting Ideas – how were the challenges of land-based empires such as the Qings and Russia different from the challenges of maintaining the maritime empires.
Land empires and maritime empires faced a similar problem: controlling a large and diverse territory, distributing goods and services across said territory, and maintaining government control and taxation.
The difference lies in the means: in land empires, the tools were mainly land-based transportation system, while in maritime empires, ships were the most important transportation. This is why the British Empire became the largest empire in the world: they had the most powerful navy, which allowed them to control their large maritime empire.
1. The Iberian society was characterized by autocratic leadership by kings. These imposed their undemocratic styles in their American colonies.
On the other hand, the English society had limited governments with a parliament, made up of the houses of Commons and Lords. This system enabled limited government and democracy. Strengthened by the Magna Carta, the English colonies could exercise some rights, powers, and division of governmental powers.
These different situations and bequeaths accord with the adage that you can only give what you have. Moreover, the Spanish conquistadors operated colonies to enable trade in precious metals and spices and control. But the English colonists came to the Americas to settle because they were in search of religious and economic freedom.
2. Land-based empires such as the Qings of China and Russian Empires and Tsardoms derived their power and wealth from the lands based on rich agricultural practices and economic trade routes like the Silk Road. They built roads and trade routes to further their conquests, establishing cities and serfdom systems that enriched their empires.
On the other hand, maritime empires built naval bases, ports, and trade points that connected their imports to the home kingdoms. Some concentrated on establishing trading via seas without colonization of any lands. But this trend revised in the later centuries.
Thus, there were differences in the approaches used for empire-building by different imperialists.
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