Answer:
d. bound by the contract, under a theory of agency by estoppel.
Explanation:
The concept of agency by estoppel is when a principal (Marisol) gives the impression that a third party (Charlie) is acting on their behalf. The third party (Charlie) becomes an agency by estoppel.
Any contract that Charlie enters on behalf of Marisol is binding on her. So the sale of the race bicycle is a contract Marisol should respect.