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The Indians voluntarily or involuntarily took part in the events of 1861-1865. This participation was different depending on a number of reasons: from social relations in the tribes, from the previous relations of a tribe with the United States, the proximity of the Indians to the theater of war.
By the time of the American Civil War, there were about 300 thousand Indians (in the 16th century, according to experts, about one million Indians lived in the same territory). All of them can be divided into four groups.
The first includes Indians who lived in the eastern states; they were settled on small reserves torn from each other, lost among the American settlements. Some tribes remained in the east of the country against the will of the US government. So much money was spent on their conquest that the American authorities decided: it was easier to leave them in place than to continue to fight with them in order of their relocation to Indian territory.
The so-called Prairie Indians bison hunters who once roamed the steppes from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains appeared in a special situation. Some of them, already in the first half of the 19th century, was conquered by the Americans and, following the example of the East Indians, settled on the reservation. But many still remained independent, although their land was constantly shrinking under the pressure of immigrants from the eastern states who colonized region after region. The Indians retreated, but did not submit.
The third group consisted of Indians of the Southwest, captured by the United States as a result of the war with Mexico. Here tribes with an ancient tradition of irrigation farming lived (Indians, pueblo, pima), Navajo horse herders, as well as California tribes - they are usually ranked among the most backward peoples of North America. Hopi, Zuni and Navajo tribes lived in inaccessible desert places and did not submit to either the Spanish or the American authorities. At the same time, in the South-West, in areas convenient for agriculture, subjected to intensive colonization, the Indians bore all the hardships of the colonial regime, and many tribes were exterminated in a short time.
Most of the entire Indian population by the mid-19th century was concentrated west of the Mississippi River. As early as the first half of the 19th century, the US government relocated the bulk of the Indians who lived in the east beyond the Mississippi, on reservations reserved for the lands of Louisiana, acquired at the beginning of the century from France. The resettlement itself took place under escort. However, the boundaries of the reservations were not defined, the same land was promised to several tribes. Local Indians - prairie hunters considered themselves masters of the land allotted for immigrants, as "bargains" for the sale of land were usually concluded by bribed leaders.
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