Respuesta :
Describe how mutations lead to genetic variations.
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of any organism. These DNA sequence comprise genes which control all the traits of an organism such as height, weight, eye color or which specific protein will be formed in body at which time. Everything is controlled by tiny pieces of DNA. If there occurs any change in the DNA sequence of an organism, it can be lethal to it, for example: In case of cancerous mutations where proteins controlling cell division are badly affected. Other mutations are simply passed to the offspring leading to genetic variations in the offspring. This is how mutations leads to the changes in genetic of an organism.
Which appears to be more dangerous: the BRC1 or BRC2 mutation?
The BRC1 and BRC2 are mutations or changes in the BRCA gene of humans mostly females. BRCA gene is basically a tumor suppressor gene which in some cases undergo mutations of different types. Some of which can be unharmful while BRC1 and BRC2 are typically very dangerous mutations because they increase the chances of a woman to develop breast cancer. Woman with BRC1 and BRC2 mutations have five times more risk of developing the breast cancer than other women. Studies suggest that BRC1 mutation is more dangerous than BRC2 mutations because a greater number of patients seen have BRC1 kind of mutation. Moreover, BRCA1 is associated with triple-negative breast cancer response in which a person cannot be fully treated with some drugs like which does not respond to hormonal trastuzumab and hormonal treatments.
Analyze a woman’s risk of dying of cancer if she carries a mutated BRC1 gene.
The risk of a woman to die with cancer due to with BRC1 mutation are quite high. This is because 18 percent of the women which develop breast cancer due to BRC1 mutation die while only 2.8 percent of the women who develop breast cancer due to BRC2 mutations die. This indicates substantially higher risk of BRC1 patients of dying as compared to BRC2 patients.
How do heredity and inheritance relate to the data presented in these charts?
Please add charts.
What data would you need to see in order to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of preventive surgeries?
There are several preventive surgeries used to prevent the chances of breast cancer in women. However, the genetic history of a person and her family’s genetic history is important to see before drawing some effective preventive surgery.
What does the age at diagnosis tell you about the mutation?
By looking at different cases of breast cancers and analyzing the data of different countries, we noticed that, the onset of disease takes several years because it is a genetic level mutation and the onset of mutation starts in earlier years of a woman’s life however she fully becomes a victim and notices it in late years of her life. This is why it cannot be easily diagnosed in early years even it is present there.
Explain how breast-cancer genes are still present in the population, despite cancer-related surgeries and deaths.
The genes responsible for breast cancer such as BRC1 and BRC2 are inherited from parents to offspring in a dominant fashion which means only one copy of gene is enough for the onset of the disease. Also because the disease is caused due to genetic level mutations, even if the doctors remove the cancers through surgeries they are not able to remove each and every affected gene from an organism which is passed from parents to offspring and still present in population.
Hope it helps!
Changes in the DNA sequence of any organism are known as mutations. These DNA sequences contain genes that determine all of an organism's characteristics, such as height, weight, eye color, and when a specific protein will be created in the body. Everything is governed by little strands of DNA.
- Any alteration in an organism's DNA sequence can be fatal, for example, in the case of malignant mutations that cause proteins that control cell division to malfunction. Other mutations are simply passed down to the offspring, resulting in genetic differences. This is how mutations cause changes in an organism's genetic code.
- BRC1 and BRC2 mutations are often exceedingly hazardous since they enhance a woman's chances of developing breast cancer.
- BRC1 mutations are more harmful than BRC2 mutations because BRC1 mutations are detected in a higher percentage of individuals. BRCA1 is linked to triple-negative breast cancer, a type of cancer that can't be properly treated with some medications and doesn't react to hormonal therapy.
- Because of the BRC1 mutation, a woman's chances of dying from cancer are relatively high. This is owing to the fact that 18% of women who acquire breast cancer as a result of a BRC1 mutation die, whereas only 2.8 percent of women who develop breast cancer as a result of a BRC2 mutation die. This suggests that BRC1 patients have a significantly higher probability of dying than BRC2 patients.
- In order to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women, numerous preventive operations are performed. However, a person's genetic history, as well as the genetic history of her family, must be examined before deciding on an effective preventive surgery.
- According to data from various countries, the development of disease takes several years because it is a genetic level mutation that begins in a woman's early years of life but she completely becomes a victim and notices it in her later years. This is why, even if it is present in the early years, it is difficult to diagnose.
- Breast cancer genes such as BRC1 and BRC2 are passed in a dominant manner from parents to offspring, meaning that only one copy of the gene is required for disease initiation. Also, because the disease is caused by genetic abnormalities, even if surgeons surgically remove the malignancies, they will not be able to eliminate every afflicted gene from an organism that is handed down from parents to offspring and is still present in the community.
Thus, breast cancer is caused by genetic abnormalities of BRC1 and BRC2 genes.
Learn more about breast cancer: https://brainly.com/question/24792764
