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Answer:
The individual must immediately consult a psychiatrist or psychologist to completely diagnose PTSD. For these health professionals, they are guided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). As directly lifted from DSM-5, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can be diagnosed by following several criteria:
Criteria A: The person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened se.xual violence.
- Direct involvement
- Witness of the said event
- Indirectly, by learning the event through an individual (family or friend). The event should be pure accidental or violent in nature.
- Repeated direct and/or indirect exposure to the hazardous event. This usually involves professionals dealing with violence or accidents.
Criteria B: Intrusion symptoms - should have at least 1 of the 5 symptoms
- Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive recollections - often very repetitive and unintentional
- Traumatic nightmares - recurrent, may cause insomnia
- Dissociative reactions - like flashbacks or episodes of loss of consciousness
- Intense emotional stress after exposure to traumatic reminders - may exhibit extreme emotions such as irritability or crying
- Marked physiological reactivity after exposure to trauma-related stimuli - often jittery or with j.erky movements
Criteria C: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma - needs to have 1 of the 2 symptoms
- Trauma-related thoughts or feelings - emotions felt during the event
- Trauma-related external reminders - related individuals, profession, activity, etc.
Criteria D: Negative alterations in cognitions and mood that are associated with the traumatic event - at least 2 out of the 7 symptoms must be present
- Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event - marked amnesia, usually a dissociative symptom
- Persistent and distorted negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world - statements such as, "I'm too dangerous to be with others," "I can't survive in this cruel world."
- Persistent distorted blame of self or others for causing the traumatic event or for resulting consequences - "I shouldn't have participated in that event," or "The company shouldn't have deployed me there."
- Persistent negative trauma-related emotions - extreme anxiety, irritability, anger, shame, or guilt
- Markedly diminished interest in (pre-traumatic) significant activities - uninterested in doing activities they previously liked so much
- Feeling alienated from others
- Constricted affect - inability to feel true emotions like happiness, sadness, etc.
Criteria E: Alterations in arousal and reactivity that are associated with the traumatic event - at least 2 out of the 6 symptoms must be present
- Irritable or aggressive behavior
- Self-destructive or reckless behavior
- Hypervigilance
- Exaggerated startle response
- Problems in concentration
- Sleep disturbance
Additional REQUIRED criteria: MUST HAVE ALL 3 SYMPTOMS
- The symptoms should be continuously occurring for more than a month.
- The condition effectively impairs the person's daily life routine.
- The condition is NOT attributable to any substances like drugs, alcohol, or other existing medical condition.
An adult can be diagnosed with PTSD if the following occurs:
- At least one re-experiencing symptom.
- At least one avoidance symptom.
- At least two arousal and reactivity symptoms.
Posttraumatic stress disorder simply refers to a disorder that occurs in people who have witnessed a traumatic event such as the death of a loved one or natural disaster.
An adult can be diagnosed with PTSD if the person has at least one re-experiencing symptom and at least one avoidance symptom. An individual with PTSD is usually depressed.
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