Under the Rashidun (632-661) and Umayyan (661-750) caliphates, Arab Muslims expanded quickly. The Rashidun was the first caliphate of the four. They were able to construct a colossal empire after quick military victories against followers of different religions.
Significant cultural and religious conversion began to spread specifically during the Umayyan caliphate. The Umayyad's did not push subjects to convert and many subjects remained non-Muslim and paid a tax to remain non-Muslim which helped fund Umayyad political expansion. Many believed the Umayyad's were corrupt which led to their overthrow.
Under Abbasid (750-1258) rule, many non-Arabs and non-Muslims were involved in the government and government administration. The Abbasid's put forth to create a more inclusive government with a diminishing difference between Arab Muslims and Non-Arab Muslims. Persian culture had a great influence on this regime. Under this rule many converted to Islam resulting in the spread of Islam.
After the decline of the Abbasid rule, the Ottoman caliphate (1520-1566) was the largest and longest lasting empires. Under this rule, religion was incorporated into state structure and the Sultan was called "The Protector of Islam". Non-muslim communities were organized under the millet and devshirme systems.
Arabs rulers like Ayatollah Khomeini, Genghis Khan and Alexander treated all the other religions in different, dynamic and their own ways, as they deemed fit.
Ayatollah Khomeini treated all the followers of religions other than Islam by spreading the principles of Islam among them and forcing them for conversion into Islam.
Genghis Khan was considered to be the harshest Mughal ruler of all time. He assaulted the women of other religions, in fact, so much so that even today every one out of three persons is said to be his successor.
Alexander was very open to accepting the other religions with wide arms. Every religion was given equal importance under his rule. This was similar to what was practiced by Akbar, several years later.
Hence, different Arab rulers treated different religions of the world in their own favorable way.
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