In research done by Dongyhun Choi and his colleagues (2019), they found that--across nearly 1,700 trials-- a woman was significantly less likely to receive help outside of a German train station if she was wearing a Hijab than when she was not wearing one.
Which of the following reasons best explains these findings?
a. We have less empathy for outgroup members because it is harder to take the perspective of those dissimilar to us.
b. People could not tell if she needed help because the Hijab partially blocked her facial expression.
c. People could tell she needed help but they did not know how to help.
d. We have less empathy for ingroup members because it is easier to take the perspective of those similar to us.