Dr. Steinberg suspects that the countries with the lowest rates of adolescent risk-taking encourage self-control from a very early age and structure adolescence in a way that doesn't give kids a lot of free, unstructured time. This is to ward off risk-taking behaviors in early childhood and give kids lots of free, unstructured time as adolescents. The countries also promote sensation-seeking in safe ways to avoid potentially being reckless. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the low rates of adolescent risk-taking in these countries?
1) Encouragement of self-control from an early age
2) Structured adolescence with limited free time
3) Promotion of sensation-seeking in safe ways
4) Constant parental supervision