Billy Johnson, a young boy, was playing cards with a friend on the front porch while his father was inside the house. Their next door neighbor, Sancho, had a prized set of statues of various Roman Catholic saints lining his concrete patio. After winning the game, Joey excitedly threw a single card across the porch toward the neighbor's patio. It twirled and twirled through the air, finally colliding with the delicate stone statute of Saint Dymphna with just enough force to send it crashing to the concrete, shattering. Hearing the crash, Sancho ran outside and, in a fit of rage, threatened to kill Billy. Billy ran inside his house and told his father how he broke the statue, and about the threat that was made. Billy himself was actually not terribly upset, but his father was severely disturbed by the threat made by Sancho. He had a serious emotional breakdown as a result, requiring extensive therapy.


1. No, because Sancho did not physically touch or harm Billy.


2. Yes, despite the father not being on the porch when the threat occurred.


3. No, because the father was not on the porch when the threat occurred.


4. Yes, because the father would not have suffered emotional distress but for the threats made by Sancho to Billy.