Judge Roe rendered a verdict for the defendant before trial. It was a suit for breach of contract, and the judge used the complaint and answer, the contract, and sworn affidavits to determine that there were no facts in dispute to put before a jury. For which of the following did Judge Roe grant a motion?
a.Judgment notwithstanding the verdict
b.Directed verdict
c.Judgment on the pleadings
d.Summary judgment