Which of the following statements regarding affirmative action policies and colleges and universities is true?
a. Affirmative action policies are designed to increase diversity and ensure equal opportunities for underrepresented minority groups in the college admissions process.
b. Affirmative action policies often face legal challenges, as some argue that they result in reverse discrimination against non-minority applicants.
c. Some colleges and universities use affirmative action policies as part of a holistic admissions process to consider the unique experiences and backgrounds of applicants.
d. Affirmative action policies are not universally implemented at all colleges and universities, and their use can vary by institution and location.