Edward L. Thorndike demonstrated this phenomenon by measuring time differences for cats escaping a "puzzle box." The Rescorla-Wagner model includes a formula that predicts the strength of this phenomenon, and this phenomenon can undergo extinction and spontaneous recovery. One experiment demonstrated this phenomenon with a fuzzy mask and a white rat. John Watson's Little Albert study demonstrated one form of this phenomenon. Ivan Pavlov's dogs demonstrated, for 10 points, what phenomenon of learning by associating stimuli, which comes in operant and classical forms.
a) Conditioned response
b) Classical conditioning
c) Operant conditioning
d) Stimulus generalization