When the State of A passes a comprehensive bill regulating "hate speech" that denigrates people on the basis of race, religion, sexual orientation, or alienage and attempts to prosecute one of its citizens under its new law, the defendant invokes federal law. A reviewing judge should rule for:
a) The State of A, as it has the authority to regulate speech within its borders
b) The defendant, as federal law may preempt state laws that infringe on the First Amendment
c) Both parties, as they should reach a compromise on the scope of the regulation
d) Neither party, as the court lacks jurisdiction in matters of hate speech