Edwin S. Porter is considered a pioneer in American filmmaking. He is best known for his work with the Edison Manufacturing Company and the Famous Players Film Company. Porter's films often featured innovative editing techniques and storytelling methods that helped to shape the development of cinema.

Which of the following is NOT true about Edwin S. Porter?

(a) He directed the first narrative film, "The Life of an American Fireman" (1903).
(b) He was a pioneer in the use of cross-cutting and parallel editing.
(c) He directed the first Western film, "The Great Train Robbery" (1903).
(d) He was a close collaborator of Georges Méliès, the French film pioneer.