A 73-year-old man is undergoing epigastric hernia repair. He has a long smoking history and a recent diagnosis of COPD. You are considering a spinal anesthetic with avoidance of general anesthesia. Which of the following physiologic changes may occur with neuraxial anesthesia?
A. Increased atelectasis
B. Decreased respiratory rate
C. Increase in functional residual capacity (FRC)
D. Increase in expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
E. Increased intrathoracic blood volume