A 50-year-old man is undergoing lung volume reduction surgery for severe emphysema. You notice that the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is gradually decreasing, followed by a drop in oxygen saturation. No change in the capnography waveform is noted, although the value is lower. You suspect that auto-PEEP is the cause of these findings. What ventilator parameters would you choose to help avoid this?
A. Higher tidal volume
B. Higher inspiratory flows
C. Higher I:E ratio
D. Higher respiratory rate
E. Add PEEP of 10 cm H2O to the circuit