C₄H₈ is burned in an engine with a fuel-rich air-fuel ratio. Dry analysis of the exhaust gives the following volume percents: C0₂ = 14.95%, C₄H₈ = 0.75%, CO = 0%, H₂ = 0%, 0₂ = 0%, with the rest being N₂. Higher heating value of this fuel is QHHV = 46.9 MJ/kg. Write the balanced chemical equation for one mole of this fuel at these conditions. Calculate:
(a) Air-fuel ratio.
(b) Equivalence ratio.
(c) Lower heating value of fuel. [MJ/kg]
(d) Energy released when one kg of this fuel is burned in the engine with a combustion efficiency of 98 %. [MJ]