Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. Without telling the students she is doing so, she photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She recognizes that some students will be upset about the study, but feels that it will be a good lesson. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 does this violate?

1. Deception
2. Debriefing
3. Fabrication of Data
4. Reporting Research Results