Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She takes points off of the final grades of those who initialed for other days. What standard of Ethical Standard 8 does taking the points off violate?

1. Debriefing
2. Institutional Approval
3. Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants
4. Reporting Research Results