The monetary base consists of the sum of
a. Bank of Canada notes held outside the Bank of Canada, bank deposits at the Bank of Canada, and coins held by banks and the public.
b. Bank of Canada notes held within the Bank of Canada, bank deposits at the Bank of Canada, and coins held by banks and the public.
c. Bank of Canada notes held outside the Bank of Canada, the desired reserves of chartered banks, and coins held by banks.
d. Bank of Canada notes held outside the Bank of Canada, bank deposits at the Bank of Canada, and notes and coins held by banks.
e. Bank of Canada notes held within the Bank of Canada, bank deposits at the Bank of Canada, and coins held by banks.