In San Diego in August 2009 , the police stopped a car driven by David Leon Riley because the license plates on the vehicle were outdated. The police officers then discovered that Riley's driver's license had been suspended. The officers then conducted a search of Riley's car without a warrant. The officers found and seized two handguns. Further investigation connected the two handguns to a recent shooting incident. The officers also found Riley's smartphone and then, again without a warrant, searched the data that they found stored on the smartphone. The data found on the phone protion in gang-related activities. In addition, other data on the phone supported the belief that Riley had been involved in the shooting incident in question. Despite the warrantless nature of the searches that obtained the evidence, the court allowed the evidence to be admitted during Riley's trial. As a result, he was sentenced to 15 years to life after being convicted of attempted murder. Riley now argues that the evidence that was obtained from his of his Fourth of his Fourth Amendment right to be free from warrantless searches. The Fourth Amendment states, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized." The appeals court upheld Riley's conviction, and the case then went to the U.S. Supreme Court. Since Riley's entire case involves the California police and was held in a California state court, how and why does the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution apply to the case? When the Fourth Amendment was enacted in the 18th century, no one even dreamed of a "smartphone." Should the Constitution be amended to include modern technological advances like smartphones? Explain. [See: David Leon Riley v. California (no. 13-132), U.S. Supreme Court (April 29, 2014).]