Tom's company announced at the beginning of the year that the top 10% of sales people will receive a bonus payment at the end of the year, and that specifics will be announced by the end of January. When in May the salespeople are still uninformed, they start to wonder whether there will be bonuses at all. According to Expectancy Theory the following is violated which leads to lower motivation for the salespeople: a All of the 3 mentioned factors b valence c instrumentality d Both valence AND instrumentality e expectancy