When Carolyn was shopping for toothpaste, she picked up a box of Crest because she always saw ads for the brand and those ads made her think Crest was superior to other brands on the shelf. In this instance, advertising affected the value of Crest by implying that
a) Crest was a better quality toothpaste.
b) Crest cost less than other brands.
c) Crest had been on the market longer than other brands.
d) more dentists recommended the product.
e) all toothpastes are equal but Crest has a larger ad budget.