The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe:___________

a. were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration.

b. were most persecuted in France and Poland.

c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

d. won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.

e. were restricted to ghettos in all European states.