Oliver was a runner when he was younger, winning many race awards on the amateur circuit. Arthritis in his knees forced him to give up running, so he learned to use a recumbent bike that he could propel by pedaling with his arms. This enables him to keep participating in the amateur athletic community.

Which of the following features of the life-span perspective describes Oliver's experience?

A. historical context

B. multiple causation

C. multidirectionality

D. plasticity